Progression in the Analysis of Intracellular NAD+ Levels
SUN Haixing*, ZHANG Xiaojuan, BAI Yujie, WU Dongying
NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is an essential pyridine nucleotide that is present in all living cells. As an important coenzyme and substrate, NAD+ participates in a variety of biological processes, such as energy production, DNA repair, gene expression, calcium-dependent secondary messenger signals and immunomodulation. Long-term imbalance of NAD+ metabolism will disrupt physiological function, promoting several age-related diseases, such as metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and various cancers. NAD+ levels decrease during aging and age-related diseases. Recent studies have shown that increasing the level of intracellular NAD+ is a promising method for the treatment of age-related diseases. Although intracellular NAD+ metabolism is closely related to human health and diseases, the precise qualification of NAD+ content is very challenging. Up to now, a variety of analytical methods have been developed for quantitative analysis of intracellular NAD+ levels. This paper reviews the methods of intracellular NAD+ level analysis, focuses on the progress of intracellular NAD+ level qualification in recent years, and puts forward the problems related to future NAD+ quantitative analysis.
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