The Mechanism of N-Terminal Domain of Coronavirus S Protein in the Process of Virus Invasion
WANG Jiajun1, GUAN Hongxin1, OUYANG Songying1,2*
Coronavirus is a single-stranded plus strand RNA virus, which can cause respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system diseases in many animals, including humans. Both NTD (N-terminal domain) and CTD (C-terminal domain) of the S1 subunit of viral S protein (spike protein) can act as RBD (receptor-binding domain), which is the key factor of virus invasion into host cells. Previous studies generally believe that S1-NTD mainly recognizes and binds carbohydrate receptors (also known as attachment receptors) to assist S1-CTD in specific recognition of protein receptors (except mouse hepatitis virus) for virus invasion. With the indepth study of novel coronavirus, it is found that S1-NTD can also recognize a variety of protein receptors, and its mechanism, characteristics and rules of action are gradually revealed. This article summarizes the structural basis of coronavirus S1-NTD and receptor recognition, and systematically summarizes the evolution process of coronavirus S1-NTD, which is conducive to comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of coronavirus invading host cells Coronavirus is a single-stranded plus strand RNA virus, which can cause respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system diseases in many animals, including humans. Both NTD (N-terminal domain) and CTD (C-terminal domain) of the S1 subunit of viral S protein (spike protein) can act as RBD (receptor-binding domain), which is the key factor of virus invasion into host cells. Previous studies generally believe that S1-NTD mainly recognizes and binds carbohydrate receptors (also known as attachment receptors) to assist S1-CTD in specific recognition of protein receptors (except mouse hepatitis virus) for virus invasion. With the indepth study of novel coronavirus, it is found that S1-NTD can also recognize a variety of protein receptors, and its mechanism, characteristics and rules of action are gradually revealed. This article summarizes the structural basis of coronavirus S1-NTD and receptor recognition, and systematically summarizes the evolution process of coronavirus S1-NTD, which is conducive to comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of coronavirus invading host cells and cross-species transmission. At the same time, this paper will provide reference for the development of NTDbased drugs and vaccines.
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