3D Bioprinting of Complex Organoids

ZHANG Juan^1,2,3, GU Qi^1,2,3,4*

(¹Human Organ Physiopathology Emulation System, State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; ²Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China; ³Key Laboratory of Animal Cellular and Genetic Engineering of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150038, China; ⁴University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China)

Abstract:

Organoids, 3D (three-dimensional) microtissue models formed through the self-organization of stem cells, are regarded as a frontier tool in biomedical research. However, current organoids still face limitations such as restricted structural complexity, insufficient functional maturity, and high heterogeneity. Bioprinting technologies enable precise spatial arrangement of cells and biomaterials, offering new strategies for constructing complex organoids. This review summarizes recent advances in organoid bioprinting, with a focus on innovations in printing strategies and the design of intelligent bioinks, and further proposes approaches for precise microenvironment construction based on developmental biology. Finally, the potential applications and future directions of bioprinted organoids in tissue engineering and related fields are discussed.

CSTR: 32200.14.cjcb.2025.09.0006